Psychological descriptions of wisdom often refer to the ability to cope well with ambiguity and uncertainty -- a crucial ability in extreme environments, as we have seen. Knowledge and cognitive skills are necessary ingredients of wisdom but they are not sufficient. You can be intelligent and know a lot without being wise. Age and experience are also associated with wisdom but again they're not sufficient. Wisdom does not grow automatically with age and it remains a relatively rare attribute even among those with decades of experience.
Despite its popular portrayal as an almost mystical quality, research suggests that wisdom is learned. More specifically, it is the way in which people reflect on and learn lessons from experiences, especially challenging, unsual or even traumatic experiences that determines their performance on the main dimensions of wisdom. It appears that the path to wisdom lies in learning the right experiences from hard experiences.
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